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Verbal arithmetic, also known as alphametics, cryptarithmetic, crypt-arithmetic, cryptarithm or word addition, is a type of mathematical game consisting of a mathematical equation among unknown numbers, whose digits are represented by letters. The goal is to identify the value of each letter. The name can be extended to puzzles that use non-alphabetic symbols instead of letters. The equation is typically a basic operation of arithmetic, such as addition, multiplication, or division. The classic example, published in the July 1924 issue of Strand Magazine by Henry Dudeney,〔H. E. Dudeney, in ''Strand Magazine'' vol. 68 (July 1924), pp. 97 and 214.〕 is: The solution to this puzzle is O = 0, M = 1, Y = 2, E = 5, N = 6, D = 7, R = 8, and S = 9. Traditionally, each letter should represent a different digit, and (as in ordinary arithmetic notation) the leading digit of a multi-digit number must not be zero. A good puzzle should have a unique solution, and the letters should make up a phrase (as in the example above). Verbal arithmetic can be useful as a motivation and source of exercises in the teaching of algebra. ==History== Verbal arithmetic puzzles are quite old and their inventor is not known. An 1864 example in The American Agriculturist〔 〕 disproves the popular notion that it was invented by Sam Loyd. The name "cryptarithmie" was coined by puzzlist Minos (pseudonym of Simon Vatriquant) in the May 1931 issue of Sphinx, a Belgian magazine of recreational mathematics, and was translated as "cryptarithmetic" by Maurice Kraitchik in 1942.〔Maurice Kraitchik, Mathematical Recreations (1953), pp. 79-80.〕 In 1955, J. A. H. Hunter introduced the word "alphametic" to designate cryptarithms, such as Dudeney's, whose letters form meaningful words or phrases.〔J. A. H. Hunter, in the Toronto ''Globe and Mail'' (27 October 1955), p. 27.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Verbal arithmetic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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